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Russia launched a crackdown on millions of illegal workers as tough new migration rules came into effect Monday amid a rising tide of anti-immigrant sentiment.
But with Russia's population plummeting, there is concern the country could face serious shortages of low-wage laborers.
"They don't like the color of our skin here," said a 26-year-old Azerbaijani produce seller at a Moscow food market who gave his name as Alek. He predicted that he and many of his fellow migrants would have to leave Russia.Under the new rules, which set a quota of 6 million foreign workers for 2007, authorities are carrying out strict checks of the estimated 10 million to 12 million foreigners who are already working in Russia, most of them illegally.
The legislation eases stringent procedures for citizens of most former Soviet republics who enter Russia from Jan. 15 to obtain work permits, but it also increases fines for businesses that employ illegal migrants.
Further limiting foreigners' right to work in Russia, a government decree that took effect Jan. 1 restricted the number of non-Russians in the retail trade.
The issue of immigration has become a lightning rod for President Vladimir Putin's government amid growing popular resentment of migrants — in particular, darker-skinned workers from former Soviet republics in the Caucasus and Central Asia.
Racist attacks and hate crimes are on the rise, and the Movement Against Illegal Immigration — a far-right grass-roots political organization — has exploded in popularity in recent months.
Critics warn that the authorities' moves will only encourage xenophobic sentiment, fuel inflation and accelerate Russia's population decline.
The population is dropping by about 700,000 a year and has fallen below 143 million, a demographic crisis blamed on the economic turmoil that followed the Soviet collapse. The decline would be even more catastrophic were it not for immigration.
Migrants from former Soviet republics, mostly from Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Moldova or poor nations in Central Asia, including Tajikistan, are the main source of cheap labor in Russia. They do menial jobs for low pay that Russians refuse to do, forming the backbone of the work force in the construction industry and food and clothing markets.
John Litwack, chief economist at the World Bank's office in Russia, told The Associated Press that Russia needed to attract 1 million new migrants a year, but the new rules could likely make it more difficult for foreigners to work here.
"Russia relies tremendously on immigrant labor, because it is facing a very difficult demographic crisis, which in the medium-term will become more serious," he said. "It is in Russia's interests to maintain favorable conditions for migrants, particularly from the former Soviet Union."Under the new regulations, businesses that employ people without proper documents face fines of up to $30,100 and a three-month trading suspension.
Last year, Putin ordered new measures to reduce the employment of foreign workers, especially at Russia's busy indoor and outdoor markets, alleging they were crowding out native Russian producers and retailers.
In the Far East city of Khabarovsk on the Chinese border, Chinese market vendors have been packing up their unsold goods and heading back home. One clothes trader, Li Chen Tsza, said he had marked down his prices by 50 percent to get rid of his inventory.
"They told us that from the New Year we won't be able to sell our goods here anymore," he said in televised comments.
The deputy director of Russia's Federal Migration Service, Vyacheslav Postavnin, insisted that the authorities' only aim was to legalize migrant labor.
"For us, the main thing is that neither Russians nor Russian citizens who employ foreigners should violate migration law," he told the government daily Rossiiskaya Gazeta in an interview published Monday.
The official also dismissed fears that a fall in the number of foreign workers would pose a problem for employers. "At the end of the day, they can hire Russian citizens," he said.
The head of the Federal Migration Service and other high-level officials met with ambassadors from ex-Soviet republics Monday to discuss the new rules, the Foreign Ministry said. The new rules have raised concerns in several countries.
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