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General surveys of Russian history in the 19th century include J.N. Westwood, Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History, 1812–1986, 3rd ed. (1987); and Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801–1917 (1967, reprinted 1990). The best work in English on the reign of Alexander I is Marc Raeff, Michael Speransky, Statesman of Imperial Russia, 1772–1839, 2nd rev. ed. (1969). The reign of Nicholas I is explored by Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855 (1959, reprinted 1969); and W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (1978, reprinted 1989). Intellectual life during the reign of Nicholas I is described in Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A Parting of Ways: Government and the Educated Public in Russia, 1801–1855 (1976). A useful addition is John S. Curtiss, The Russian Army Under Nicholas I, 1825–1855 (1965), a general description of the army's performance. A highly detailed operational account as seen by the Russian high command is found in Albert Seaton, The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle (1977). The general economic development of Russia in the 19th century is analyzed in G.T. Robinson, Rural Russia Under the Old Régime: A History of the Landlord-Peasant World and a Prologue to the Peasant Revolution of 1917 (1932, reprinted 1969); and Arcadius Kahan, Russian Economic History: The Nineteenth Century (1989). The industrialization drive of the 1890s is treated in Theodore H. Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (1963, reprinted 1974). An analysis of reform and counterreform dynamics, specifically Russian, is given in Thomas S. Pearson, Russian Officialdom in Crisis: Autocracy and Local Self-Government, 1861–1900 (1989).
Biographical studies that do much to explain the interplay of cultural and political factors in the 19th century are Martin E. Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism, 1812–1855 (1961); and Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905 (1970). The classical description and interpretation of the earlier revolutionary movement and the development of so-called populism is Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia (1960, reprinted 1983; originally published in Italian, 1952).
Useful books on non-Russian peoples in this period include James W. Long, From Privileged to Dispossessed: The Volga Germans, 1860–1917 (1988); John Doyle Klier, Russia Gathers Her Jews: The Origins of the ‘Jewish Question' in Russia, 1772–1825 (1986); Michael Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825–1855 (1983); and Hans Rogger, Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia (1986).
Studies of important moments and problems in Russian foreign policy that thoroughly examine the Russian point of view are Marian Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, 1770–1861 (1955, reprinted 1981); Michael Boro Petrovich, The Emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856–1870 (1956, reprinted 1985); Benedict H. Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, 1870–1880 (1937, reissued 1962); Andrew Malozemoff, Russian Far Eastern Policy, 1881–1904: With Special Emphasis on the Causes of the Russo-Japanese War (1958, reprinted 1977); and George F. Kennan, The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia, and the Coming of the First World War (1984).
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